Lawrence A. Franklin
According to a survey with 6,000
respondents, the ranks of the jihad are being filled by ever-younger
Dagestanis. Dagestan is eclipsing Chechnya as the seat of the most
violent insurgency against Russia.
The extremist leaders have targeted their fellow Muslim leaders thought to be too mild.
Dagestan, the largest republic of the north Caucasus, can best be
described in negative superlatives. It is probably the most violent spot
in the entire Russian Federation.
[1] The administrative bureaucracy of the republic's capital, Makhachkala, is among the most corrupt.
[2] The ethnic and linguistic diversity of Dagestan is the most complex among Russia's Republics.
[3]
Its topography is arguably the most forbidding in the Russian Eurasian
landmass. Religiously, it is also the most radical Muslim entity in the
Russian state. Moreover, in part, because of Dagestan's difficult
terrain and the fabled fighting ability of Dagestani mountain peoples,
Moscow has found that suppressing jihadists in Dagestan is even more
difficult than in their campaigns in Chechnya.
The February 6, 2014 raid of a terrorist hideout in the Dagestani
town of Izerbash by Russian Security Police -- resulting in the deaths
of suspects who were allegedly planning an attack on the Sochi Olympics
-- underscores that the Republic of Dagestan has become the epicenter of
extremist-Muslim terrorism in Russia.
Russia is not the only empire chastised by Dagestan's warrior
culture. The Persian invading forces of Nadir Shah in 1744 experienced
their most devastating among several defeats by Dagestan's mountain
militants. There is a bitter Persian saying that recounts these
catastrophes: "Whenever Allah wants to punish a Shah, He inculcates into
his head the idea of invading Dagestan." Coastal Dagestan faces the
former provinces of Persia's empire in Asia Minor; and Dagestan was once
governed by Persian officialdom of the Safavid Dynasty.
[4]
Although almost all Dagestanis are Sunni Muslim, there are pockets of
Shia Muslims who trace their spiritual origins to the Iranian version.
During the last couple of decades, however, Dagestan's relatively
tolerant Sufi brand of Sunni Islam Muslim has been giving ground to a
more fierce Sunni Salafist orientation.
[5]
William
Plotnikov, left, with another Islamist militant in Dagestan. Plotnikov
was previously a boxer and college student in Canada, and was killed
fighting Russian security forces in 2012. When arrested and interrogated
in 2010, he named Boston Marathon bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an
associate. (Image source: Dagestan Federal Security Service)
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This Salafist ascendency has been fueled, allegedly, by Arabian Gulf
states' financial support for mosque construction and the hiring of
fundamentalist imams as preachers throughout the Caucasian republics.